Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its determinants among Iranian households with elderly members: a double-hurdle model

Faraji, Mehran; Sharifi, Tahereh; Mohammad-pour, Saeed; Javan-Noughabi, Javad; Aboutorabi, Ali; yousefi, Shaghayegh; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo

doi:10.1186/s12962-024-00521-8

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation

Table 2 The results of double hurdle model

From: Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its determinants among Iranian households with elderly members: a double-hurdle model

Pharmaceutical expenditure	First hurdle						Second hurdle
Explanatory variables	Coefficient	SE	z	P > z	Confidence interval		coefficient	SE	t	P > t	confidence interval
Income	− 0.0001	0.0002	− 0.4800	0.6290	− 0.0005	0.0003	0.0019	0.0028	0.6700	0.5040	− 0.0036	0.0073
Insurance costs	0.0003	0.0003	0.9200	0.3580	− 0.0003	0.0008	0.0120	0.0031	3.8400	0.0000	0.0059	0.0181
Gender
Female	Reference
Male	− 0.0688	0.0570	− 1.2100	0.2270	− 0.1805	0.0428	− 1.2583	0.7229	− 1.7400	0.0820	− 2.6753	0.1588
Age
18–34	Reference
35–51	− 0.1289	0.1368	− 0.9400	0.3460	− 0.3970	0.1392	0.0193	1.5654	0.0100	0.9900	− 3.0492	3.0877
52–68	− 0.1921	0.1307	− 1.4700	0.1420	− 0.4484	0.0641	− 0.8020	1.5003	− 0.5300	0.5930	− 3.7428	2.1389
69–85	− 0.1489	0.1309	− 1.1400	0.2550	− 0.4054	0.1077	− 0.2638	1.5023	− 0.1800	0.8610	− 3.2086	2.6811
85 <	− 0.2182	0.1396	− 1.5600	0.1180	− 0.4919	0.0555	− 0.7944	1.6225	− 0.4900	0.6240	− 3.9748	2.3860
Living sector
Urban	Reference
Rural	− 0.0925	0.0290	− 3.1900	0.0010	− 0.1493	− 0.0357	− 1.5903	0.3533	− 4.5000	0.0000	− 2.2829	− 0.8977
Marital status
Single	Reference
Divorce	− 0.0416	0.1906	− 0.2200	0.8270	− 0.4153	0.3320	-0.7213	2.3443	− 0.3100	0.7580	− 5.3167	3.8742
Widow	− 0.0823	0.1443	− 0.5700	0.5680	− 0.3653	0.2006	− 1.0094	1.7679	− 0.5700	0.5680	− 4.4750	2.4561
Married	0.1234	0.1407	0.8800	0.3810	− 0.1525	0.3992	2.8840	1.7136	1.6800	0.0920	− 0.4750	6.2431
Educational status
Illiterate	0.0065	0.0617	0.1000	0.9170	− 0.1145	0.1274	− 1.6910	0.7481	− 2.2600	0.0240	− 3.1574	− 0.2245
Primary School	0.0745	0.0620	1.2000	0.2290	− 0.0470	0.1959	0.4380	0.7464	0.5900	0.5570	− 1.0251	1.9011
Secondary School	0.0735	0.0785	0.9400	0.3490	− 0.0803	0.2274	2.0966	0.9355	2.2400	0.0250	0.2629	3.9304
College and above	Reference
Job status
Housekeeper	Reference
Unemployed	0.2773	0.1710	1.6200	0.1050	− 0.0579	0.6125	− 0.1504	2.0160	− 0.0700	0.9410	− 4.1023	3.8014
Employed	0.1841	0.0605	3.0400	0.0020	0.0655	0.3027	− 0.5175	0.7729	− 0.6700	0.5030	− 2.0326	0.9975
Ownership
Free	Reference
Tenant	0.1561	0.0936	1.6700	0.0950	− 0.0273	0.3396	2.3569	1.1409	2.0700	0.0390	0.1205	4.5934
Owner	0.0995	0.0612	1.6300	0.1040	− 0.0204	0.2194	1.4053	0.7775	1.8100	0.0710	− 0.1187	2.9294
Number of children below 5 years	0.0909	0.0764	1.1900	0.2340	− 0.0588	0.2407	− 0.5998	0.9073	− 0.6600	0.5090	− 2.3783	1.1786
Family size
1–2	Reference
3–5	− 0.0166	0.0332	− 0.5000	0.6160	− 0.0817	0.0484	− 0.2076	0.4031	− 0.5200	0.6070	− 0.9977	0.5825
6 <	0.0338	0.0679	0.5000	0.6190	− 0.0993	0.1670	− 0.6883	0.8141	− 0.8500	0.3980	− 2.2840	0.9074
Constant	0.3806	0.1941	1.9600	0.0500	0.0002	0.7611	2.1971	2.3315	0.9400	0.3460	− 2.3732	6.7673
LR chi2	92.89						244.71
Probability	0						0
Pseudo R²	0.0079						0.0043
Log likelihood	− 5823.6757						− 28,616.061

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