Mitigating role of financial inclusion on the perceived difficulties, concerns, and borrowing for medical expenses in Saudi Arabia

Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled; Al Rahahleh, Naseem

doi:10.1186/s12962-023-00506-z

Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation

Table 3 Results of probit regression models (n = 996)

From: Mitigating role of financial inclusion on the perceived difficulties, concerns, and borrowing for medical expenses in Saudi Arabia

Variable	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	Borrowing for health or medical purposes in the past 12 months			Perceived difficulty in obtaining money for emergency expenses within 30 days			Perceived difficulty in obtaining money for emergency expenses within 7 days			Perceived worry regarding the inability to afford medical costs in case of an emergency
	Coeff.	P-value	Marginal	Coeff.	P-value	Marginal	Coeff.	P-value	Marginal	Coeff.	P-value	Marginal
Financial inclusion	0.585	< 0.001	0.139	-0.262	0.026	-0.093	-0.149	0.259	-0.045	0.104	0.357	0.039
Gender
Female	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Male	0.026	0.793	0.006	0.337	< 0.001	0.119	0.402	< 0.001	0.122	0.189	0.025	0.071
Age
15–25 years	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
26–35 years	0.017	0.882	0.004	-0.124	0.207	-0.044	-0.123	0.245	-0.037	-0.046	0.625	-0.017
36–44 years	0.117	0.451	0.028	-0.189	0.166	-0.067	-0.372	0.011	-0.113	0.020	0.880	0.007
≥ 45 years	0.298	0.143	0.071	-0.062	0.740	-0.022	-0.225	0.256	-0.068	0.302	0.108	0.114
Education
Primary education	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Secondary education	0.874	0.092	0.209	-0.217	0.587	-0.077	-0.462	0.368	-0.140	0.007	0.983	0.002
Tertiary education	0.534	0.305	0.128	-0.421	0.293	-0.149	-0.689	0.179	-0.209	-0.095	0.796	-0.036
Income quintile
Poorest	Ref			Ref			Ref			Ref
Second	-0.087	0.614	-0.020	-0.396	0.015	-0.140	-0.355	0.057	-0.107	-0.312	0.043	-0.118
Middle	-0.333	0.060	-0.079	-0.491	0.002	-0.174	-0.376	0.041	-0.114	-0.348	0.023	-0.131
Fourth	-0.385	0.026	-0.092	-0.693	< 0.001	-0.246	-0.612	0.001	-0.185	-0.456	0.002	-0.172
Richest	-0.112	0.489	-0.026	-1.140	< 0.001	-0.404	-0.990	< 0.001	-0.300	-0.823	< 0.001	-0.311
Constant	-2.049	< 0.001		1.245	0.003		1.846	0.001		0.451	0.247
LR X² (11)	34.79			132.57			103.07			58.68
Prob > X²	0.0003			0.000			0.000			0.000
Pseudo R²	0.0389			0.096			0.088			0.042
Log likelihood	-429.7			-619.6			-533.4			-656.8

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ISSN: 1478-7547

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