Table 2 Relevant studies involved in the systematic review

The Economic Burden of Recurrence in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Among Working Age Patients in the United States.

Sieluk et al. (2022)

[38]

USA

2340

1999–2017

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer; patient

OptumHealth Reporting and Insights claims database

Adults 18–65 years

Chemotherapy, hospitalizations

The direct costs were $8575/month higher for metastatic recurrence and $3609/month higher for locoregional recurrence vs. patients without recurrence

Systemic therapy, survival and end-of-life costs for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: retrospective SEER-Medicare study of women age ≥ 65 years

Sieluk et al. (2021)

[23]

USA

302

2010–2016

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer; patient

SEER Medicare Database

women age ≥ 65 years

Chemotherapy, hospitalizations

Mean per-patient-per-month costs < 30 days before end-of-life/follow-up were $14,100 and $15,600 (2019 USD), respectively

Treatment patterns, risk for hospitalization and mortality in older patients with triple negative breast cancer

Valachis et al. (2021) [25]

Sweden

413

2007–2012

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

Cancer database

Women ≥ 70 years old

Chemotherapy

The costs of chemotherapy in older TNBC patients was related to age, cancer stage.

The economic burden of metastatic breast cancer in Spain

De las Heras et al. (2020)

[37]

Spain

2923

2010

Observational cohort study

Payer

Simulated incidence-based cohort in Spain

ND

Chemotherapy, hospitalizations

Per patient total costs were $186,535 over 5 years.

The economic burden of m mTNBC in Spain is

Significant, but differs by HER2 and HR status. HER2−/

HR + patients account for the highest burden due to the

prevalence of this category, but HER2+/HR + patients

have the highest per patient costs.

Healthcare use and costs in early breast cancer: a patient-level data analysis according to stage and breast cancer subtype

Brandão et al. 2020) [24]

Portugal

703

2012

Prospective observational cohort study

Payer

Cancer center

All

Surgeries, Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, Targeted therapy, Radiotherapy, Hospitalization

Median cost of care was €9215/patient in stage I.

These data provide

information for the economic evaluation of innovative

treatments for eTNBC and highlight the weight

that targeted systemic therapy might have in the overall

cost of care among patients with eTNBC.

A population-based comparison of treatment patterns, resource utilization, and costs by cancer stage for Ontario patients with triple-negative breast cancer

Brezden-Masley et al. (2020) [26]

Canada

3271

2012–2016

Retrospective, observational, population based study

Payer

Publicly funded healthcare system in Ontario

All

Outpatient, Home care, Chemotherapy, hospitalizations

Despite a less fre-

quent use of all treatment modalities compared to eTNBC. Treatment patterns were aligned with the options available at the time but neoadjuvant treatment rates were low.

Variability in hospital treatment costs: a time-driven activity-based costing approach for early-stage invasive breast cancer patients

Roman et al. (2020) [27]

Belgium

14

ND

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

Single breast clinic

age below 40 years

Classical diagnosing—triple assessments, Surgery, Adjuvant chemotherapy, Adjuvant hormonal, therapy, Adjuvant radiation therapy, hormonal therapy,

The average treatment cost for triple negative patients amounted to US$26,923.

Early triple-negative breast cancer in women aged ≥ 65: retrospective study of outcomes, resource use and costs, 2010–2016

Sieluk et al. (2020) [28]

USA

1569

2010–2016

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer; patient

SEER Medicare Database

patients ≥ 65 years

Outpatient cost, Inpatient cost, Emergent cost

Median overall survival was 23 months/not reached (NR)/78 months, with longer survival at stage II (NR/NR/78 months) than stage III (22/43/38 months). Mean per-patient-per-month costs were $10,620

and $17,872 in neoadjuvant and adjuvant periods.

.

Assessing direct costs of treating metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in the USA

Skinner et al. (2020) [29]

USA

608

2010–2016

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

Community oncology setting/Vector Oncology Data Warehouse

aged ≥ 18 years

Chemotherapy

The mean monthly cost of first line was $21,908 for 505 treated patients.

The majority of costs were attributable to hospitalization and emergency department services.

Overall survival, costs, and healthcare resource use by number of regimens received in elderly patients with newly diagnosed metastatic triple-negative breast cancer

Aly et al. (2019) [30]

USA

625

2004–2011

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

SEER Medicare Database

Patients (≥ 66 years)

Physician/clinic, Outpatient, Inpatient,

The mean cumulative (per patient per month) cost per patient was US$73,586 (US$10,084).

Mean cost in first and second regimen were US$26,950 and US$33,347.

Treatment patterns, clinical outcomes, health resource utilization, and cost in patients with BRCA-mutated metastatic breast cancer treated in community oncology settings

Houts et al. (2019) [31]

USA

114

2013–2015

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

Community oncology setting/Vector Oncology Data Warehouse

Patients (≥ 18 years)

Hospitalization, Emergency room visits,

Systemic anti-cancer therapy

Rate of use of

infused/parenteral supportive care drugs was 25.5% overall and 36.7% among TNBC patients with 15.8% among

HR + patients

Advocacy for a New Oncology Research Paradigm: The Model of Bevacizumab in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in a French Cohort Study

Mery et al. (2019) [32]

France

45

2011–2018

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

Single center/Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute

Patients had a mean age of 62 years

Chemotherapy, hospitalizations

A balance needs to be found between healthcare affordability, the high price of progress, and the best medical decision for the patients.

Clinical and economic burden associated with stage III to IV triple-negative breast cancer: A SEER-Medicare historical cohort study in elderly women in the United States

Schwartz et al. (2018) [33]

USA

1244

2011–2013

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer

SEER Medicare Database

Women who were aged 66 years

Surgery combined with

chemotherapy

The

mean cost per patient-month (in 2013 US dollars) was $4810 for patients with stage III disease and $9159 for patients with stage IV

disease

Patient survival and healthcare utilization costs after diagnosis of triple-negative breast cancer in a United States managed care cancer registry

Başer et al. (2012) [34]

USA

2257

1999–2009

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer; patient

Managed care setting/IIOM cancer registry

All

Chemotherapy

Annual total healthcare costs,

adjusted inpatient costs for patients with eTNBC averaged 77% higher ($8395 vs. $4745,

p50.0001). Furthermore, payer reimbursements were higher for TNBC than eTNBC patients ($8213

vs. $4486, p50.0001).

Burden of early-stage triple-negative breast cancer in a US managed care plan

Başer et al. (2012) [35]

USA

1967

1999–2009

Retrospective observational cohort study

Payer; patient

Managed care setting/IIOM cancer registry

All

Office visit costs, Outpatient costs, Pharmacy costs, Emergency room costs

Compared with non-TNBC, early-stage TNBC had significantly higher inpatient costs (all-cause: $9154 vs. $5501; cancer-related: $5632 vs. $2869;

for both); and ED costs (all-cause: $303 vs. $182; cancer-related: $240 vs. $138,)