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Table 3 Projected number of incident cases, prevalent cases and avoided deaths by disease group

From: The health and economic impact and cost effectiveness of interventions for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Kenya: a stakeholder engaged modelling study

Variable

Cumulative incident cases averted (2019 to 2044)

Prevalent cases avoided

(for the year 2044)

Avoided deaths by disease group#

(2019 to 2044)

Total, n (95% UI)

Total, n (95% UI)

Total, n (95% UI)

Intervention/ Disease group

   

20% SSB tax

T2DM

29,731

20,624

1,122

 

(21,558 − 39,552)

(15,122 − 27,281)

(832–1,460)

Cardiovascular diseases

12,319

6,802

3,270

 

(9,629 − 15,497)

(5,322–8,578)

(2,443–4,269)

Musculoskeletal diseases

22,239

6,589

N/A

 

(17,483 − 27,793)

(4,759–8,862)

N/A

CKD

7,895

5,436

246

 

(3,970 − 13,694)

(2,457–9,920)

(138–390)

Cancers

375

52

275

 

(231–567)

(34–75)

(155–436)

Other diseases

7,500

3,008

169

 

(5,482–9,792)

(2,108–4,055)

(121–224)

Mandatory kj menu labelling

   

T2DM

16,696

11,366

667

 

(5,692–29,220)

(3,894–19,699)

(230–1,150)

Cardiovascular diseases

10,087

5,188

2,835

 

(3,636–17,138)

(1,859–8,755)

(1,032–4,825)

Musculoskeletal diseases

17,305

5,038

N/A

 

(6,121–29,131)

(1,706–8,967)

N/A

CKD

6,911

4,509

240

 

(1,930–14,533)

(1,151–9,911)

(71–473)

Cancers

346

44

255

 

(117–646)

( 15–80)

(81–491)

Other diseases

5,974

2,243

160

 

(2,145–10,271)

(769–3,962)

(58–279)

Change in consumption levels related to supermarket food purchase*

T2DM

350,442

259,069

9,788

 

(239,273–473,272)

(176,932–348,568)

(6,671–13,245)

Cardiovascular diseases

220,539

132,044

50,329

 

(154,010–298,034)

(93,265–174,789)

(33,923–71,039)

Musculoskeletal diseases

388,189

139,926

N/A

 

(275,259–508,823)

(93,844–192,909)

N/A

CKD

147,041

106,290

4,026

 

(71,384–264,816)

(48,098–199,049)

(2,094–6,397)

Cancers

7,865

1,353

5,590

 

(4,545–12,278)

(850–1,998)

(2,966–9,112)

Other diseases

128,707

61,082

2,847

 

(89,927–172,749)

(41,660–83,966)

(1,956–3,875)

Change in national consumption levels back to the 1975 average levels of energy intake *

T2DM

1,042,887

773,500

29,798

 

(827,863–1,264,903)

(620,520–931,184)

(23,738–36,059)

Cardiovascular diseases

757,453

454,457

172,514

 

(636,593–886,850)

(389,766–523,037)

(136,188–216,066)

Musculoskeletal diseases

1,494,251

544,707

N/A

 

(1,248,593–1,762,481)

(419,577–682,021)

N/A

CKD

519,329

379,280

13,375

 

(264,520–845,809)

(179,833–641,140)

(7,748–19,961)

Cancers

30,191

5,330

21,326

 

(19,099–44,144)

(3,608–7,337)

(12,071–32,777)

Other diseases

486,004

236,005

10,580

 

(394,749–590,463)

(185,476–293,871)

(8,423–12,986)

  1. Total refers to estimates for both male and female. BMI: body mass index, kJ: kilojoule, n (95% UI): mean (95% Uncertainty interval), N/A: not applicable, SSB: sugar sweetened beverages
  2. #Musculoskeletal diseases and cataract are not linked to disease specific mortality
  3. *For the modelled scenarios that could lead to an increased consumption of healthy indigenous foods (Interventions: a change in national consumption levels back to the 1975 average levels of energy intake and a change in consumption levels related to supermarket food purchase), the intervention effect in the model starts from year 6 (after 5 years of envisioned research) and increases linearly to achieve a full effect from the 15th year
  4. T2DM: Diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular diseases include ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, hypertensive heart disease, atrial fibrillation and flutter
  5. Musculoskeletal diseases include osteoarthritis hip, osteoarthritis knee, low back pain and gout
  6. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) includes CKD due to diabetes mellitus type 2, CKD due to glomerulonephritis, CKD due to hypertension and CKD due to other and unspecified causes
  7. Cancers include oesophageal cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer due to alcohol use, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis C, gallbladder and biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, acute lymphoid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic lymphoid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, other leukaemia, and multiple myeloma
  8. Other diseases include gallbladder and biliary diseases, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias and cataract