Essential emergency and critical care as a health system response to critical illness and the COVID19 pandemic: what does it cost?

Table 2 Incremental costs per patient day of Essential Emergency Critical Care for patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 in Tanzania and Kenya, USD (2020 prices)

	Tanzania						Kenya
	Moderate		Severe		Critical		Moderate		Severe		Critical
	USD	%	USD	%	USD	%	USD	%	USD	%	USD	%
Hotel costs (accommodation + overheads)	0.01	1	0.01	0.1	0.01	0.04	0.06	3.56	0.08	0.5	0.09	0.2
Staffing costs	0.86	85	3.35	31	6.11	19	1.54	87.65	8.01	54	13.55	36
Oxygen provision			4.74	44	19.67	60	–	0.00	4.74	32	19.68	53
Pharmaceuticals (Medicines etc.)			1.70	16	4.71	14	–	0.00	0.54	4	0.72	2
Non-pharmaceutical costs (capital)	0.02	2	0.13	1	0.15	0.5	0.02	1.38	0.15	1	0.15	0.4
Non-pharmaceutical costs (fluids, devices etc. costs)	0.00	0	0.66	6	1.62	5	–	0.00	1.16	8	2.73	7
Personal protective equipment (PPE)	0.12	12	0.24	2	0.57	2	0.13	7.41	0.18	1	0.52	1
Patient cost/day USD^b	1.02 (0.33–2.25)		10.74 (6.25–17.98)		32.77 (25.31–44.75)		1.76 (1.18–2.56)		14.32 (11.18–18.42)		36.96 (29.80–45.68)
Cost per patient per stay in hospital^a	3.03	100	86.64	100	262.75	100	5.33	100	118.86	100	524.06	100

^aPercentages may not add to 100 due to rounding
^bMean and confidence interval generated using a Monte Carlo simulation (n = 1000) based on a gamma distribution with limiting values on the input cost categories defined by the scenario analyses

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