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Table 2 Parameters of the EPR methodology in the studied EPR-applying countries, 2015

From: Impact of changes in the methodology of external price referencing on medicine prices: discrete-event simulation

Country

Reference countriesa

Benchmark price

Consideration of discounts

Weighting of price data

Revision frequency (months)

Austria

26 [14]

Average

No

No

No revision

Belgium

27 [1]

Average

No

No

No revision

Bulgaria

17 [1]

Minimum

No

No

6

Croatia

3 out of 5b [2]

Average

No

No

12

Cyprus

4 out of 10b [1]

Average

No

No

12

Czech Republic

19 [3]

Average of 3 lowest

No

No

36

Estonia

3 [1]

Minimum

No

No

12

Finland

29 [1]

Average

No

No

60

France

4 [1]

Average

No

No

60

Germany

15 [1]

Average

Provided for in legislationc

Provided for in legislationc

No revision

Greece

26 [3]

Average of 3 lowest

No

No

3

Hungary

31 [3]

Minimum

No

No

No revision

Iceland

4 [3]

Average

No

No

24

Ireland

9 [1]

Average

No

No

36

Italy

25d [1]

Minimum

No

No

24

Latvia

7 [1]

Third lowest price

No

No

24

Lithuania

8 [1]

Average

No

No

12

Luxembourg

1 [1]

Minimum

No

No

12

Malta

12 [3]

Average

No

No

18

Netherlands

4 [2]

Average

No

No

6

Norway

9 [1]

Average of 3 lowest

No

No

12

Poland

31 [1]

Average

No

No

24

Portugal

3 [1]

Average

No

No

12

Romania

12 [1]

Minimum

No

No

60

Slovakia

27 [1]

Average of 3 lowest

No

No

6

Slovenia

3 [1]

Minimum

No

No

6

Spain

18e [1]

Minimum

No

No

12

Switzerland

6 [1]

Average

No

No

36

  1. aIn bracket the number of minimum reference countries that are required in legislation to determine an EPR benchmark price
  2. b3 (Croatia) and 4 (Cyprus) defined reference countries, respectively, out of a pool of 5 (Croatia) and 10 (Cyprus) reference countries, as data of alternative reference countries are considered in the case of non-availability of data in the primary 3 or 4 reference countries
  3. cAccording to legislation, Germany can consider mandatory and confidential discounts of prices in other countries, but this is not applied in practice. Furthermore, Germany has the legal mandate to weight the price data by estimated yearly turnover of the medicine (information to be provided by the pharmaceutical company) and by purchasing power parities (PPP). As both discounts as well as weighting are no common practice in the EPR in Germany, this was not considered in the base case simulations
  4. dCountries with price data included in the Euripid database
  5. eEurozone countries