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Table 4 Estimated regression-adjusted effect of CFS and ISF on annual out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures (in US Dollars, $)

From: The economic impact of chronic fatigue syndrome in Georgia: direct and indirect costs

All effects estimated relative to not-fatigued population, (Standard Errors in Parentheses)

 

Linear Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) for Untransformed Cost (y)

 

Total Expenditures

($2005)

Inpatient Hospital

Expenditures

($2005)

Ambulatory Provider Visits

($2005)

Rx Medications

($2005)

OTC Medications

($2005)

Other Health Costs

($2005)

Incremental Expenditures attributed to CFS

716.47*** (237.12)

22.50

(18.05)

234.35*** (84.29)

360.66** (171.28)

111.99*** (36.98)

-13.03 (12.43)

Incremental Expenditures Attributed to ISF

526.88*** (189.66)

8.74

(7.18)

95.15** (38.31)

379.09** (172.37)

31.81 (26.80)

12.09 (11.35)

AIC

7164.63

4544.74

5634.06

6906.44

5196.03

6361.90

BIC

7167.03

4547.15

5636.46

6980.84

5198.44

6364.30

 

Generalized Linear Model for Untransformed Cost ((y+1)) a

Incremental Expenditures attributed to CFS

946.73***

(323.22)

16.61

(14.77)

270.26**

(106.17)

783.05

(641.38)

204.01*

(111.16)

-1.83

(1.28)

Incremental Expenditures Attributed to ISF

481.50***

(111.62)

-0.88

(1.54)

119.13***

(39.69)

201.83**

(102.30)

46.83

(30.66)

0.82

(1.37)

AIC

14.46

3.02

12.85

11.64

10.37

2.68

BIC

-2207.85

-2754.06

-2039.43

-310.92

-925.17

-2767.13

 

Two-Part Model (TPM) for Untransformed Cost (y) b

Incremental Expenditures attributed to CFS

950.18**

(372.49)

-51.88

(145.88)

270.08**

(111.50)

1024.33*

(537.26)

21.36

(51.29)

-480.13***

(46.27)

Incremental Expenditures Attributed to ISF

480.91***

(117.42)

-165.87

(138.01)

118.28***

(38.35)

447.29**

(185.36)

25.12

(44.77)

-322.10**

(146.36)

AIC

289.52

144.74

459.89

559.91

564.81

83.92

BIC

-2126.02

-1223.87

-1550.25

279.4912

-328.59

-2643.75

  1. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.
  2. AIC: Akaike's information criterion; BIC: Schwarz's information criterion.
  3. a Generalized Linear Model with Gamma distribution and the log link function for all the categories of healthcare expenditures except for "Inpatient Hospital Expenditures" and "Other Health Costs" with inverse Gaussian distribution.
  4. b Two-part model: the first part using a logistic regression for binary indicator (healthcare users vs. no-users) and the second part using GLM for positive healthcare costs.
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Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation

ISSN: 1478-7547

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