Table 3 Summary of the total societal cost by cost component.
From: Societal costs of air pollution-related health hazards: A review of methods and results
Study | Cost Components | Total Societal Cost | Per Capita CAP | CAP as % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Direct Health care | Direct non-health care | Productivity Losses | Intangible Costs | Â | Â | Â |
Published Studies: OECD Countries | |||||||
Zmirou et al [18] | US $6.60–11.25 million (1 French franc = $0.17 in 1994) | Not estimated. | $5.10–8.72 million | Not estimated. | US $13.43–22.95 million (1 French franc = $0.17 in 1994) | US $13.85–23.66 | Not stated. |
Voorhees et al [19] | US $6,860 million | US $833 million | US $6,330 million | Not estimated. | US $14,023 million | N/A | Not stated. |
Navrud [22] | Navrud estimated mean WTP per person for seven selected symptoms or illness and found that WTP per person was $376 for avoiding one additional day of symptoms, and about $1210 for 14 additional days per year. | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Rozan [20] | Doctor's visit: about US $24.91 per patient. Drug cost: US $74.75 per patient. | Not estimated. | US $21,299.00 average wage loss per adult patient (yearly). The yearly cost per student due to absenteeism is about US $3787.37. | Mean WTP is US $46.83 On average, 50% of total cost. | Information given in the paper does not permit calculation of the total cost. | N/A | N/A |
Neidell [21] | US $5.2 million | Not estimated. | Not estimated. | Not estimated. | US $5.2 million | US $6.50 | Not stated. |
Panis [23] | Not Stated separately | Not Stated separately | Not Stated separately | Not Stated separately | $1.5 billion (approx.) | N/A | N/A |
Unpublished Studies: OECD Countries | |||||||
DSS Management Consulting inc. [24] | US $674 million (approx) Can $1 = US $0.674 | Not estimated. | US $2,696 million (approx) | US $3,370 million (approx) | US $6,740 million (approx) | US $612.73 | Not stated. |
Vergana and the Mexico Air Quality the WB study [25] | Total direct costs are not reported. | Not reported. | Total indirect costs are not reported. | Not reported separately. | US $760 million (approx) (in 1999 US dollars) | US $44.71 | Not stated. |
Published Studies: Non-OECD Countries | |||||||
Larson et al [45] | Not estimated. | Not estimated. | US $28.8–80.01 million (in 1997 US dollars) | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | US $28.8–80.01 million (in 1997 US dollars) | US $19.86–55.18 | Not stated. |
Alberini & Krupnick[1] | US $510,491 (PM10 = 100 μg/m3) to US $804,298 (PM10 = 350 μg/m3) (in 1992 US dollars) | Not estimated. | US $117,575–244,477 (in 1992 US dollars) | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | US $628,074–1,048,775 (in 1992 US dollars) | US $0.21–0.35 | Not stated. |
Srivastava & Kumar [2] | US $232.34 million (in 1997 US dollars) (1 Indian Rs = US $0.0275) | Not estimated. | US $76.32 million (1 Indian Rs = US $0.0275) | Not estimated. | US $308.66 million (1 Indian Rs = US $0.0275) | US $19.79 | Not stated. |
Quah & Boon [50] | US $1,889 million (for morbidity). (in 1992 US dollars) | Not estimated. | US $1,773 million (for mortality) | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | US $3662 million (in 1992 US dollars) | US $940 | 4.31% |
Resosudarmo & Napitupulu [48] | US $115 million (approx) (in 1998 US dollars) | Not estimated. | US $65 million (approx) | Not estimated. | US $180 million | US $16.36 | 1% |
Kan & Chen [46] | US $67.82 million | Not estimated | US $557.58 million | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | US $625.4 million | US $98.96 | 1.03% |
Deng [47] | US $776.576(WTP) & US $180.265(HCA) | Not estimated | US $29.516 million (HCA)&US $197.101 million (WTP) | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | $974 million (according to WTP) & $210 million (according to COI) | $70.48 (according to WTP) & $15.20 (according to COI) | 3.26% |
Unpublished Studies: Non-OECD Countries | |||||||
Saksena & Dayal [49] | US $199.11 million (in 1995 US dollars) (1 Indian Rs = US $0.0253) | Not estimated. | US $18,783.99 million (in 1995 US dollars) | Not estimated. | US $18,983.10 million (in 1995 US dollars) | Lower estimates: US $2,000 for females and US $1,400 for males | Not stated. |
Report of Environment protection Department, Hong Kong [51] | US $33.02–57.79 million (in 1998 US dollars) (1 HK $ = US $0.129) | Not estimated. | US $437.66–462.43 million (in 1998 US dollars) (1 HK $ = US $0.129) | Estimated but not mentioned figure. | US $495.45 million (approx) (in 1998 US dollars) (1 HK $ = US $0.129) | US $78.52 | 0.35% |