Changes in costs and effects after the implementation of disease management programs in the Netherlands: variability and determinants

Table 8 Results from the cost-utility analysis

	Most effective VS least effective DMP*	Incremental costs	Incremental QALYs	Mean ICER	% of 5000 simulated ICERs per quadrant in the CE plane
					NW	NE	SW	SE
Health care perspective
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	−534	0.003	−178,539	1	3	41	56
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	(297)	(0.021)	−178,539	1	3	41	56
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	−671	0.012	−56,809	6	21	15	58
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	(976)	(0.015)	−56,809	6	21	15	58
CVR-both	2 VS 8	−721	0.005	−148,480	2	2	35	61
CVR-both	2 VS 8	(416)	(0.016)	−148,480	2	2	35	61
COPD	1 VS 4	1,716	0.009	185,747	33	46	11	10
COPD	1 VS 4	(2,000)	(0.053)	185,747	33	46	11	10
DMII	1 VS 3	−677	0.013	−50,234	1	3	14	82
DMII	1 VS 3	(398)	(0.013)	−50,234	1	3	14	82
Societal perspective
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	−1,131	0.003	−377,991	5	12	37	46
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	(1,334)	(0.021)	−377,991	5	12	37	46
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	−153	0.012	−12,929	10	36	11	43
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	(1,225)	(0.015)	−12,929	10	36	11	43
CVR-both	2 VS 8	−604	0.005	−124,457	6	8	31	55
CVR-both	2 VS 8	(554)	(0.016)	−124,457	6	8	31	55
COPD	1 VS 4	2,054	0.009	−222,314	34	47	11	9
COPD	1 VS 4	(2,371)	(0.053)	−222,314	34	47	11	9
DMII	1 VS 3	−1,735	0.013	−128,790	1	2	14	83
DMII	1 VS 3	(1,084)	(0.013)	−128,790	1	2	14	83

*most effective is defined based on the highest incremental QALY and the reverse; ^#primary prevention for CVD; ^$secondary prevention for CVD; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; CE: cost-effective(ness); best is defined as most effective based on QALYs and worse as the least effective based on the same measurement; the numbers correspond to the DMP numbers in Table 4.