Table 4 Univariate analysis of factors associated with copd-related and total healthcare costs

Age

0.003 [−0.008, 0.013]

0.627

−0.009 [−0.017, -0.001]

0.02

Female

0.413 [−0.252, 1.077]

0.223

0.192 [−0.309, 0.692]

0.452

Married

−0.288 [−0.789, 0.213]

0.259

−0.527 [−0.904, -0.151]

0.006

Divorced

0.154 [−0.359, 0.666]

0.556

−0.222 [−0.608, 0.163]

0.258

Separated

0.010 [−0.733, 0.753]

0.979

0.004 [−0.555, 0.564]

0.987

Widowed

0.276 [−0.303, 0.856]

0.350

−0.248 [−0.684, 0.188]

0.264

Black

0.002 [−0.337, 0.341]

0.991

0.233 [−0.017, 0.483]

0.068

Current Smoker

0.750 [0.156, 1.345]

0.014

0.568 [0.14, 0.996]

0.009

Ever Smoker

0.749 [0.152, 1.346]

0.014

0.645 [0.215, 1.074]

0.003

Hospitalizations

1.196 [1.120, 1.271]

<.0001

0.747 [0.68, 0.813]

<.0001

Clinic visits

0.110 [0.091, 0.129]

<.0001

0.055 [0.04, 0.04]

<.0001

ED visits

0.695 [0.562, 0.828]

<.0001

0.356 [0.252, 0.459]

<.0001

Number of Prescriptions

0.049 [0.037, 0.060]

<.0001

0.021 [0.012, 0.03]

<.0001

BMI

−0.015 [−0.031, 0.001]

0.067

0.012 [0, 0.025]

0.048

FEV1

−0.493 [−0.639, -0.349]

<.0001

−0.019 [−0.13, 0.091]

0.73

FVC

−0.300 [−0.422, -0.178]

<.0001

−0.066 [−0.156, 0.024]

0.15

DLCO

−0.070 [−0.092, -0.049]

<.0001

−0.026 [−0.010, -0.01]

0.002

EF

−1.192 [−2.568, 0.184]

0.089

−0.545 [−1.462, 0.371]

0.243

Maximum serum bicarbonate

0.086 [0.054, 0.118]

<.0001

0.047 [0.024, 0.069]

<.0001

CAD

0.282 [0.038, 0.527]

0.024

0.27 [0.086, 0.453]

0.004

Depression

−0.102 [−0.360, 0.157]

0.440

0.281 [0.088, 0.475]

0.004

DM

0.194 [−0.075, 0.463]

0.157

0.416 [0.215, 0.617]

<.0001

Heart failure

0.422 [−0.069, 0.914]

0.092

0.541 [0.172, 0.91]

0.004

Hypertension

−0.119 [−0.348, 0.110]

0.309

0.137 [−0.035, 0.309]

0.119

Influenza vaccine

−0.083 [−0.335, 0.168]

0.516

0.037 [−0.153, 0.227]

0.704

Pneumococcal vaccine

0.147 [−0.172, 0.466]

0.365

0.058 [−0.182, 0.298]

0.633

Long acting beta agonists

0.776 [0.545, 1.007]

<.0001

0.178 [0, 0.355]

0.05

Short acting anti-muscarinic

0.756 [0.539, 0.974]

<.0001

0.131 [−0.037, 0.298]

0.126

Long acting anti-muscarinic

0.964 [0.658, 1.269]

<.0001

0.394 [0.161, 0.627]

0.001

Inhaled corticosteroids

0.815 [0.596, 1.034]

<.0001

0.196 [0.27, 0.365]

0.023

Oral corticosteroids

1.034 [0.513, 1.556]

<.0001

0.618 [0.225, 1.011]

0.002

Supplemental oxygen

1.081 [0.829, 1.333]

<.0001

0.551 [0.358, 0.745]

<.0001

Theophylline

0.619 [0.088, 1.150]

0.022

0.107 [−0.293, 0.507]

0.599

Statin

−0.128 [−0.350, 0.095]

0.262

0.133 [−0.034, 0.301]

0.118

Illicit drug use

−0.014 [−0.407, 0.380]

0.946

0.005 [−0.267, 0.276]

0.972

Nursing home resident

2.363 [1.839, 2.887]

<.0001

1.682 [1.286, 2.078]

<.0001

Treated by a pulmonologist

0.639 [0.389, 0.889]

<.0001

0.359 [0.17, 0.549]

<.001

COPD for > 5 years

0.335 [0.097, 0.574]

0.006

0.042 [−0.139, 0.222]

0.651