Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
From: The role of cognition in cost-effectiveness analyses of behavioral interventions
Authors | Topic | Intervention | Effectiveness measure | Cognitive outcome measures | Behavioral model used | Application of cognitive outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Butler et al. 1999 [6] | Smoking cessation | Motivational consulting with brief advice | Smoking cessation, reduction in addiction and quit attempts | Stages-of-change | Transtheoretical model, self-efficacy theory | Effectiveness was calculated per stage-of-change at baseline and cognitive outcomes were used as secondary outcome measures |
Crane et al. 2000 [17] | Mammography screening | Multiple outcall approach | Mammography screening | Stages-of-change, attitudes and knowledge | Transtheoretical model | Cognitive outcome measures were used to describe the theoretical foundations of the intervention and as secondary outcome measures |
Emmons et al. 2005 [18] | Smoking cessation | Peer counseling or self-help intervention | Smoking cessation | Stages-of-change, self-efficacy, perceived vulnerability, social support and knowledge | Transtheoretical model, social ecological model | Cognitive outcomes were used as secondary outcome measures |
Kyle et al. 2008 [19] | Sun protection | Sun protection education for young children | Nonfatal cases and premature mortalities averted and QALYs saved | Knowledge, attitude & intention | No theoretical foundation in model | Cognitive outcomes were used as secondary outcome measures |
Lo et al. 2009 [20] | Self-care behavior for stoma patients | Multimedia learning education program | Knowledge, attitude and behavior of self-care | Knowledge and attitude of self-care | No theoretical foundation in model | The effectiveness measure was a combined score of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of self-care |
Oldenburg et al. 1995 [21] | CVD risk reduction | CVD risk reduction programs | Unweighted CVD lifestyle risk scores | Stages-of-change | Transtheoretical model, social learning theory | Stages-of-change were used to appoint follow-up periods |
Pyne et al. 2005 [22] | Patient receptivity to anti-depressants | Evidence-based primary-care depression intervention | QALYs | Attitude | No theoretical foundation in model | Two separate CE ratios were calculated for both negative and positive attitudes toward antidepressants |
Rasu et al. 2010 [23] | Weight management | Internet-based weight management program | Change in body weight, a weight change of 5% or more, and waist circumference. | Social pressure | No theoretical foundation in model | A CE ratio was calculated for each additional point gain on the Social Pressure subscale, indicating increased confidence in managing social pressures to eat |
Saywell et al. 1999 [24] | Compliance with mammography screening | Counseling strategies | Increase in mammography rate | Intention to screen | Health Belief Model | Cognitive outcome was used as secondary outcome measure |
Sims et al. 2004 [25] | Changing GP's behavior | Organized approach to exercise counseling | Amount of patients screened, activity, accruing health benefit, DALYs and premature deaths averted | Knowledge & attitudes | No theoretical foundation in model | Cognitive outcomes were used as secondary outcome measures |
Smith et al. 2007 [26] | Smoking cessation | Multi component expert system intervention | Quit smoking | Stages-of-change | Transtheoretical model | An ICER was calculated that incorporated partial behavioral change as measured by the stages-of-change |
Sood & Nambiar 2006 [27] | HIV/AIDS prevention | Entertainment-education-based mass media campaign | Condom use frequency and changes in cognitive parameters of behavior change | Knowledge, gender attitudes, & perceived risk | Multiple stage models of behavior change | Cost-effectiveness was calculated for condom use frequency and additionally for changes in the three cognitive outcome measures |