Table 2 Pool of indicators used as environmental, exogenous, and instrumental variables

Deprivation variables

 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

23.6

8.41

8.81

45.31

 IMD Income Scale

49,791

22,864

14,110

122,060

 IMD Employment Scale

19,902

9332

5,000

54,350

 Proportion most deprived areas

0.24

0.18

0.00

0.77

 Distance to target 2010/11

0.00

1.00

− 1.15

3.95

Health Need variables

 Combining Age Related and Additional Needs (CARAN) index

1.025

0.129

0.727

1.354

 HIV prevention Index

1.080

0.666

0.564

4.098

Socioeconomic variables

 OWNOCC: % of households that are owner occupied

0.615

0.116

0.242

0.754

 LAHRENT: % of households that are rented from LA or HA

0.188

0.073

0.081

0.437

 PRIVRENT: % of households that are rented from private landlords

0.162

0.060

0.084

0.376

 NQUAL all: % of population with no qualifications

0.230

0.051

0.101

0.352

 PROFOCCU: % of those aged 16–74 years in managerial and professional occupations

0.305

0.069

0.181

0.547

 LONE 65 and over: % of households that are one person 65 and over households

0.122

0.021

0.060

0.167

 LONEPARH: % of households that are lone parent households with dependent children

0.075

0.017

0.047

0.144

 POPPUCAR: % of population providing unpaid care

0.102

0.014

0.065

0.126

 POPPUCAR1: % of population providing unpaid care for 1–19 h a week

0.063

0.009

0.043

0.081

 POPPUCAR2: % of population providing unpaid care for 20–49 h per week

0.014

0.003

0.009

0.022

 POPPUCAR3: % of population providing unpaid care for > 50 h a week

0.024

0.006

0.012

0.040

 POPALLLTI: % of population with LTI/disability

0.180

0.032

0.112

0.256

 POP16_64LTI: % of population of working age with LTI/disability aged 16–74 years

0.133

0.027

0.076

0.206

 HHNOCAR: % of households without a car

0.284

0.118

0.126

0.648

 BORNEXEU: Residents born outside the EU divided by all residents

0.103

0.100

0.012

0.424

 WHITEEG: Population in white ethnic group divided by total population

0.837

0.166

0.290

0.985

 PC74LTUN: % of those aged 16–74 years that are long-term unemployed

0.019

0.006

0.010

0.037

 FTSTUDEN: % of population aged 16–74 years that are full-time students

0.094

0.037

0.056

0.226