Cost-effectiveness of integrated disease management for high risk, exacerbation prone, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a primary care setting

Table 3 Base-Case Results (i.e., 30-year simulation starting at age 60)

Probabilistic results	Life years	Costs	QALYs	ICUR	ICER	Net benefit
Usual care group	16.011	$18,100	11.233
GOLD II		$7,588	5.885
GOLD III		$7,370	3.946
GOLD IV		$3,152	1.403
IDM group	16.255	$14,137	12.965
GOLD II		$5,632	6.854
GOLD III		$4,040	4.651
GOLD IV		$4,465	1.460
Incremental	0.244*	-$3,973*	1.732*	Dominant	Dominant	$ 90,576

Dominance/ Dominant = a treatment that is less costly and results in improved health outcomes; ICER = Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio; ICUR = Incremental Cost Utility Ratio; Net Benefit = Differential in QALY * Willingness to Pay per QALY – Differential in Cost; QALYs = Incremental Quality Adjusted Life Years (IDM vs. UC)
^*Statistically significant to p < 0.001

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