Table 5 Summary of base case implementation levels, evidence source and outcomes in associated sensitivity analyses
Study labela | Intervention | Base case implementation levelsb | Sensitivity analysis outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial access | Compliance | Sustainability (model time horizon) | Evidence source | |||
Albert et al. (2016) | MF int. | Â | Adherence: 78.6% Fidelity: 84.1% | Â | Internal non-randomised | No analysis |
Alhambra-Borras et al. (2019) | Exercise | Uptake: 39.6% | Â | Â | Internal quasi-experimental | No analysis |
Beard et al. (2006) | MC (intersectoral) int. | Â | Â | Maint.: 5Â years (of 5) | Internal quasi-experimental | No analysis |
Church et al. (2011) | Multiple types | Â | Â | Maint.: 1Â year (of 10) | Assumption | No analysis |
Church et al. (2012) | Multiple types | Â | Â | Maint.: 1Â year (of lifetime) | Assumption | No analysis |
Comans et al. (2009) | MF int. (2 forms) | Uptake: as scenario | Â | Â | Assumption | ROI break-even |
Day et al. (2009, 2010) | Multiple typesc | Uptake: 1.9% Tai Chi; 39.4% home exercise; 55.4% HAM; 55.4% MF int.; 18.9% Psychotropic med. withdrawal; 80.0% Cardiac pacing | Â | Persistence: 61% home exercise Maint.: 1Â year (of 2) home exercise; 1Â year (of 5) cardiac pacing | External RCT | Falls and hospitalised falls averted; ICER (CEA) |
Deverall et al. (2018) | Group (commercial) exercise | Uptake: 52% | Â | Â | External RCT | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) |
| Â | Â | Persistence: 80.5% uptake in year 2; 10% in year 10 | External RCTs and assumption | Same as uptake | ||
| Â | Â | Maint.: permanent | External RCT | No analysis | ||
Home exercise | Uptake: 52% | Â | Â | External RCT | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) | |
| Â | Â | Persistence: 76.3% uptake in year 2; 10% in year 5 | External RCTs and assumption | Same as uptake | ||
| Â | Â | Maint.: permanent | External RCT | No analysis | ||
Eldridge et al. (2005) | FRS + MF int. or exercise (prescribed or self-referred) | Uptake: 6.5% FRS; 50%/10% self-referred exercise for high-/low-risk persons |  |  | Internal survey | Proportion of total falls averted |
Farag et al. (2015) | Non-specific intervention | Uptake: 50% | Â | Â | Assumption | ICER (CUA) |
Franklin et al. (2019) | FRS + exercise (3 forms) or HAM | Uptake: 100% for those referred from FRS |  |  | Assumption | ICER (CUA) |
| Â | Â | Maint.: 1Â year (of 2) | Assumption | No analysis | ||
Hiligsmann et al. (2014) | Vit D and calcium supplement | Â | Â | Maint.: 3Â years (of lifetime) | Assumption | ICER (CUA) |
Hirst et al. (2016) | Med. modification | Â | Adherence: 29.4% of eligible days | Â | External survey | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) |
Honkanen et al. (2006) | Hip protector | Â | Adherence: 36% of daily hours | Â | External survey | ICER (CUA) |
| Â | Â | Persistence: 50% discontinue after 1st year; discontinuation rate declines exponentially | External survey | ICER (CUA) | ||
Howland et al. (2015) | MC int. (lay-led) | Uptake: 50% | Â | Â | Assumption | Aggregate efficiency (ROI: net cost saving) |
| Â | Fidelity: 100% refer | Â | Assumption | No analysis | ||
Ippoliti et al. (2018) | MF int. | Uptake: 80% | Â | Â | Assumption | No analysis |
Johansson et al. (2008) | MF int. | Â | Â | Maint.: 5Â years (of lifetime) | Internal quasi-experiment | No analysis |
Lee et al. (2013) | Vit D screening and supplement | Â | Adherence: 80% | Â | External RCT | No analysis |
Miller et al. (2011) | MC int. (lay-led) | Â | Adherence: 71.4% | Maint.: 1Â year (of 2) | Assumption | No analysis |
Mori et al. (2017) | Home exercise | Uptake: 42% | Â | Â | External RCTs | No analysis |
| Â | Â | Maint.: 1Â year (of lifetime) | Assumption | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) | ||
Moriarty et al. (2019) | Med. modification (Benzodiazepine, PPI) | Â | Adherence: 100% | Â | Assumption | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY |
Nshimyumukiza et al. (2013) | Fracture risk screening + physical activity, Vit D and calcium, and/or Osteoporosis screen and treatment | Uptake: 53% |  |  | External survey | ICER (CEA, CUA) |
| Â | Â | Maint.: permanent | Assumption | No analysis | ||
OMAS (2008) | Multiple types | Uptake: 57.0% exercise; 27.0% psychotropic med.; not specified for HAM, Vit D, Gait stabiliser | Adherence: 79.0% exercise; 75.7% HAM; 81.8% Vit D; 53.0% psychotropic med.; 80.0% Gait stabiliser | Â | External RCTs and survey | No analysis |
| Â | Â | Persistence: same as adherence | Assumption | No analysis | ||
Pega et al. (2016); Wilson et al. (2017) | HAM | Uptake: 89.0% | Â | Â | External RCT | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) |
| Â | Â | Maint.: one-off, no renewal | Assumption | No analysis | ||
Poole et al. (2015) | Vit D supplement | Â | Â | Maint.: 5Â years (of 5) | External RCTs | No analysis |
PHE (2018) | Exercise (3 forms); HAM | Uptake: 20% | Â | Maint.: 1Â year (of 2) | Assumption | No analysis |
Turner et al. (2020) | Med. modification | Adoption: 66% of GPs received pharmacist advice; 79% met older persons for deprescribing | Â | Â | Uncleard | Inc. cost; Inc. QALY; ICER (CUA) |
Uptake: 53% | Â | Â | External RCT | No analysis | ||
Wu et al. (2010) | MF int. | Uptake: 50% | Â | Â | External RCT and surveys | Aggregate efficiency (ROI: net cost saving); ICER (CEA) |
Zarca et al. (2014) | Vit D screening and supplement | Â | Adherence: 50%; 100% after fracture | Â | External survey and assumption | ICER (CUA) |
| Â | Â | Maint.: permanent | Assumption | No analysis | ||