Predictors of loss due to pharmaceutical fraud: evidence from the U.S.

Table 2 Summary statistics for the basic sample

Variable	Obs	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min.	Max.
Cost	75	184 mln	473 mln	400	2800 mln
ln(cost)	75	15.097	3.800	5.992	21.753
Total_payment	75	140 mln	411 mln	0	2800 mln
Additional payment	66	49.8 mln	179 mln	0	900 mln
Duration	52	52.673	32.142	9	156
ln(duration)	52	3.749	0.716	2.197	5.050
Duration^a	75	39.280	33.511	9	156
ln(duration)^a	75	3.273	0.934	2.197	5.050
Collusion	74	0.108	0.313	0	1
Collusion^a	75	0.107	0.311	0	1
in_biz	68	32.471	35.306	2	153
ln(in_biz)	68	2.971	1.043	0.693	5.030
ln(in_biz)^a	75	2.971	0.993	0.693	5.030
n_employees	53	7897	22,372	1	109,208
ln(n_employees)	53	5.298	3.100	0	11.601
ln(n_employees)^a	75	5.298	2.598	0	11.601
Annual_revenue	46	4120 bln	22,800 bln	83,711	153,000 bln
ln(revenue)	46	18.471	4.996	11.335	32.662
ln(revenue)^a	75	18.471	3.896	11.335	32.662
U.S. public company	75	0.173	0.381	0	1
Age	56	53.214	9.816	35	84
Age^a	75	53.214	8.463	35	84
Male	71	0.958	0.203	0	1
Male^a	75	0.960	0.197	0	1
White	73	0.877	0.331	0	1
White^a	75	0.880	0.327	0	1
Misbranding	65	0.446	0.501	0	1
Counterfeiture	66	0.106	0.310	0	1
Off_label_use	66	0.303	0.463	0	1
Pharm_practice_act	65	0.154	0.364	0	1

ISSN: 1478-7547