Predictors of loss due to pharmaceutical fraud: evidence from the U.S.

Table 1 Variables’ description

Variable	Type	Description
Company	String	Name of company
Date	Date (YYYY-MM-DD)	For deferred and non-prosecution agreements, this field reflects the date of the agreement. For acquittals, dismissals, plea agreements, and trial convictions this field reflects the date of the judgement or dismissal. For declinations, this field reflects the date of the declination
Disposition_type	String	Describes how the dispute with an organization was resolved. Can take on the following values: Acquittal, declination, dismissal, DP^a, NP^b, plea, trial conviction
Jurisdiction	String	The U.S. Attorney’s Office(s) involved
Primary_crime_code	String	Can take on the following values:
		Health Care Fraud	These include prosecutions brought under 18 U.S.C. § 1347
		Pharmaceutical	These include prosecutions brought under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) as well as anti-kickback and other related claims involving pharmaceutical sales and branding
Total_payment	Integer	Sum of fine, forfeiture, restitution, etc. amounts in U.S. dollars
Additional_regulatory_fine_or_payment	Integer	Sum in U.S. dollars
US_public_company	Boolean	Indicates whether or not entity was a U.S. public company

Source: Corporate Prosecution Registry
^aDP means “Deferred Prosecution”. It is like corporate probation. If the company does what is in the DP agreement and does not get in trouble again, the company escapes any restitution or findings requirements. Many times the company has to employ a Corporate Compliance Officer that reports to the court if the charges are serious
^bNP refers to “Non-Prosecution Order”, which is a little less than a DP. The company is ordered to do something, but there is no prosecution pending. So the company might pay a fine, agree to make a product using better standards, etc.

ISSN: 1478-7547