Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patient cohort from the Hong Kong Diabetes Registry (base case) and the LEAD study (scenario analysis)

Demographics and metabolic profile

 Age (year)

57.28 ± 13.05

56.1 ± 8.6^a

 Male (%)

49.4

42^a

 Current smoker (%)

16.02

16.02

 Duration of diabetes (year)

7.08 ± 6.46

10 ± 5.8^a

 HbA1c (%)

8.98 ± 1.49

9.04 ± 0.86^a

 Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.36 ± 4.04

24.95 ± 3.2^a

 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

135.52 ± 20.28

135.52 ± 20.28

 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

76.25 ± 10.91

76.25 ± 10.91

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

207.13 ± 46.51

207.13 ± 46.51

 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

49.96 ± 13.13

49.96 ± 13.13

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

123.35 ± 38.85

123.35 ± 38.85

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

183.97 ± 193.81

183.97 ± 193.81

 Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

82.27 ± 22.66

82.27 ± 22.66

 Haemoglobin (g/dL)

13.98 ± 1.57

13.98 ± 1.57

 White blood cell (10⁶/mL)

7.47 ± 2.57

7.47 ± 2.57

 uACR^a [20]

3.1 mg/mmol

3.1 mg/mmol

 Serum creatinine^b [21]

0.946 mg/dL

0.946 mg/dL

 Serum albumin^b [21]

3.9 g/dL

3.9 g/dL

 Cigarettes/day^b [22]

2

2

 Alcohol consumption^b [23]

5 Oz/week

5 Oz/week

Diabetes complications

 Acute myocardial infarction (%)

8.19

8.19

 Angina (%)

8.19

8.19

 Congestive heart failure (%)

1.83

1.83

 Stroke (%)

1.96

1.96

 Peripheral vascular disease (%)

5.12

5.12

 Atrial fibrillation^b (%) [24]

0.03

0.03

 LVH^b (%) [25]

0.03

0.03

 Microalbuminuria (%)

29.48

29.48

 Gross renal proteinuria^b (%) [26]

0.139

0.139

 End-stage renal disease (%)

0.30

0.30

 Background diabetic retinopathy (%)

25.06

25.06

 Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (%)

2.20

2.20

 Sever vision loss^b (%) [27]

0.079

0.079

 Macular edema^b (%) [27]

0.01

0.01

 Cataracts (%)

23.29

23.29

 Diabetic neuropathy (%)

22.87

22.87

 Amputation (%)

0.26

0.26