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Table 3 Cost effectiveness results of the reviewed studies based on the type of the intervention, ranked by cost-effectiveness ratio

From: Cost effectiveness of HIV and sexual reproductive health interventions targeting sex workers: a systematic review

Paper

Intervention components

GDP/capita of the country—2016 INT$

Original ICER reported

Cost/DALY averted—2016 INT$

Other outcomes—2016 INT$

Behavioral interventions

 Tromp et al. [44]

VCT for HIV and condom use

11,632

248 (US$ 2008)/HIV infection averted and 9.2 (US$ 2008)/DALY averted

33

889/HIV infection averted

Biomedical interventions

 Carrara et al. [34]

STI services (diagnosis and treatment)

3744

127 (US$ 2002)/STI cured

33a

658/STI cured

 Marseille et al. [40]

Female condom

13,248

509 (US$ 2000)/HIV infection averted

62a

1232/HIV infection averted

 Leelahavarong et al. [39]

HIV vaccination

16,946

2840 (Thai Bhat 2009)/QALY gained

264

NA

 Wilson et al. [48]

STI testing for HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea testing every 12 weeks

46,790

10,000,000 (AUS$ 2007)/QALY gained

10,197,390

4078,956/HIV infection averted

Structural interventions

 Borghi et al. [32]

Vouchers for free SH consul and STI treat

5550

103 (US$ 1999)/STI cured

18a

364/STI cured

Mixed interventions

 Hutton and Wyss [38]

Mass media, social marketing of condoms, peer group education, treatment of STIs, prevention of mother-to-child-transmission, blood safety and voluntary testing

1996

16 (US$ 2012)/HIV infection averted

4a

77/HIV infection averted

 Vassal et al. [45]

Community mobilisation and empowerment (i.e. community involvement in programme management and services, violence reduction, and addressing legal policies and police practices) was added to Avahan’s existing interventions. (behavior change, condom distribution, STI treatment, etc.)

6583

13.48 (US$ 2011)/DALY averted and 228 (US$ 2011)/HIV infection averted

51

869/Infection averted in Bellary

14.12 (US$ 2011)/DALY averted and 234 (US$ 2011)/HIV infection averted

54

892/infection averted in Belgaum

 Burgos et al. [33]

Mujer Segura: 35 min behavioral skills session to improve condom negotiation provided once-only or annually, with or without HAART

17,877

183 (US$ 2009)/DALY averted

368

4779/HIV infection averted

 Sweat et al. [43]

Community mobilisation, promotional media, and interpersonal communication (and a policy regulatory intervention in Puerto Playa)

15,2355

1186 (US$ 2006)/DALY averted

3017

Santo Domingo: 71,747/HIV infection averted

457 (US$ 2006)/DALY averted

1162

Puerto Playa: 27,612/HIV infection averted

 Vickerman et al. [46]

Rapid test for HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhea plus condom promotion

2172

151 (US$ 2004)/HIV infection averted

25a

503/HIV infection averted

 Fung et al. [36]

Behavioral, STI treatment, peer-education, Condom distribution

6583

98 (US$ 2007)/HIV infection averted

31a

626/HIV infection averted

 Prinja et al. [42]

Peer-led counseling, condom promotion, quarterly health check-up, STI treatment, and HAART

6583

106 (US$ 2009)/HIV infection averted and 11 (US$ 2009)/DALY averted

53

509/HIV infection averted

 Aldridge et al. [31]

Peer counselling and STI treatment including condom distribution

13,044

55 (US$ 2008)/DALY averted

130

NA

 Panovska-Griffiths et al. [41]

Peer mediated communications strategies, social marketing of condoms and management of STI; and enabling environment for the adoption of safer sex practices

6583

720 (US$ 2007)/HIV infection averted

173a

3463/HIV infection averted

 Dandona et al. [35]

Behaviour change communication, STIs care, condom promotion, and creating an enabling environment

6583

984 (US$ 2005)/HIV infection averted

227

5868/HIV infection averted

 Vickerman et al. [47]

Mobile clinic with syndromic screening and treatment of STIs, condom distribution, health education with and without periodic presumptive treatment in hotels

13,248

78 (US$ 2001)/DALY averted and 2093 (US$ 2001)/HIV infection averted

301

8063/HIV infection averted

 You et al. [49]

STI testing, education, condom distribution, negotiation skills, video presentation, role plays, and peer group discussions

58,651

10,315 (US$ 2002)/gonorrhea or chlamydia infection averted

959a

19,175/gonorrhea or chlamydia infection averted

  1. Hogan et al. study [37] was not inserted into the table as it was provided modeled estimates for two WHO regions and it was difficult to convert these estimated to 2016 international dollar
  2. GDP gross domestic product, INT international dollar, VCT voluntary counselling and testing, PPTCT prevention of parent to child transmission, HAART  highly-active anti-retroviral therapy
  3. aEstimated ratio. For studies that cost per DALY averted was not available, it was assumed that cost per DALY averted was equal to cost per infection averted divided by 20 [16, 28, 29]