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Table 1 Outline of the variables used in the regression analysis

From: Catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket health payments in Kosovo

Independent variable

Description

Measurement

Household size

Total number of people living in the household

Continuous variable

Education

Level of education of the head of the household

Dummy variable:

0 = primary or lower

1 = secondary or higher

Most vulnerable age groups

At least one or more members of the household under 5 years of age

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

At least one or more members of the household 65 or older

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Gender

Gender of the household head

Dummy variable: 1 = male, 2 = female

Health insurance coverage

At least one member of the household is covered by health insurance

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Head of the household is covered by health insurance

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Employment*

At least one employed member in the household

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

At least one unemployed member in the household

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

At least one inactive (not defined as employed or unemployed) member in the household

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

At least one disabled member in the household

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Employment status of the head of the household

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Payment for inpatient care

Has any member of the household paid for inpatient care in the past 12 months?

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

Settlement

Is household in urban or rural area?

Dummy variable: 1 = rural, 0 = urban

Expenditure quintiles in PPP-adjusted Euros

Households ranked in five equal groups according to annual HCE per adult equivalent (excluding durable goods and rent) in increasing order to the expenditure cutoff point in each quintile

Ordinal: Lowest = 14.69–222.32

II = 222.48–291.58

III = 291.74–364.73

IV = 364.83–474.86

Highest = 474.95–1885.90

Health care utilization

At least one member of the household was hospitalized during the previous 12 months

Dummy variable: 1 = yes, 0 = no

  1. * HBS activity variable with the longest duration during the previous 12 months [32]