Table 3 Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of m-health program in Uttar Pradesh state, India (2011–2020)

Health outcomes with routine services

 Maternal illness episodes

34,598,786

21,796,486

50,063,694

 Neonatal illness episodes

1,941,237

1,292,080

2,725,595

 Maternal deaths

96,921

79,833

117,305

 Neonatal deaths

2,168,635

1,833,492

2,548,800

 Life years lost

32,835,472

19,235,215

61,273,469

 DALYs lost

53,028,454

32,271,008

89,078,621

Health outcomes with routine health services and m-health

 Maternal illness episodes

31,444,322

18,681,922

46,116,428

 Neonatal illness episodes

1,903,900

1,270,809

2,677,032

 Maternal deaths

96,609

79,688

116,916

 Neonatal deaths

2,019,167

1,700,694

2,389,956

 Life years lost

30,604,197

17,896,762

57,353,515

 DALYs lost

48,900,926

29,160,101

83,178,589

Incremental benefits with m-health

 Maternal illness episodes averted

− 3,154,464

− 3,114,564

− 3,947,266

 Neonatal illness episodes averted

− 37,337

− 21,271

− 48,564

 Maternal deaths averted

− 312

− 146

− 389

 Neonatal deaths averted

− 149,468

− 132,798

− 158,844

 Life years saved

− 2,231,275

− 1,338,453

− 3,919,955

 DALYs averted

− 4,127,529

− 3,110,907

− 5,900,032

Incremental cost effectiveness ratio, health system perspective

 Cost per illness averted in INR (USD)

15,208 (240)

12,372 (195)

18,958 (299)

 Cost per death averted in INR (USD)

371,577 (5865)

253,502 (4002)

526,418 (8310)

 Cost per life year gained in INR (USD)

25,371 (400)

13,461 (212)

47,428 (749)

 Cost per DALY averted in INR (USD)

12,993 (205)

8570 (135)

18,523 (292)

Incremental cost effectiveness ratio, societal

 Cost per illness averted in INR (USD)

− 6656 (− 105)

− 39,965 (− 631)

2608 (41)

 Cost per death averted in INR (USD)

− 162,634 (− 2567)

− 1,109,743 (− 17,518)

53,433 (843)

 Cost per life year gained in INR (USD)

− 11,105 (− 175)

− 99,982 (− 1578)

2837 (45)

 Cost per DALY averted in INR (USD)

− 5687 (− 90)

− 39,049 (− 616)

1806 (29)