Table 1 The quality of health economic studies (QHES) instrument
| Â | Questions | Weight |
|---|---|---|
1 | Was the study objective presented in a clear, specific, and measurable manner? | 7 |
2 | Were the perspective of the analysis (societal, third-party payer, etc.) and reason for its selection stated | 4 |
3 | Were variable estimates used in the analysis from the best available source (i.e. randomized control trial—best, expert opinion—worst)? | 8 |
4 | If estimates came from a subgroup analysis, were the groups prespecified at the beginning of the study? | 1 |
5 | Was uncertainty handled by: (1) statistical analysis to address random events; (2) sensitivity analysis to cover a range of assumptions? | 9 |
6 | Was incremental analysis performed between alternatives for resources and costs? | 6 |
7 | Was the methodology for data abstraction (including the value of health states and other benefits) stated? | 5 |
8 | Did the analytic horizon allow time for all relevant and important outcomes? Were benefits and cost that went beyond 1Â year discounted and a justification given for the discount rate? | 7 |
9 | Was the measurement of costs appropriate and the methodology for the estimation of quantities and unit costs clearly described? | 8 |
10 | Were the primary outcome measure(s) for the economic evaluation clearly stated and were the major short-term, long-term, and negative outcomes included? | 6 |
11 | Were the health outcomes measures/scales valid and reliable? If previously tested, valid and reliable measures were not available, was justification given for the measures/scale used? | 7 |
12 | Were the economic model (including structure), study methods and analysis, and the components of the numerator and denominator displayed in a clear transparent manner? | 8 |
13 | Were the choice of economic model, main assumptions and limitations of the study stated and justified? | 7 |
14 | Did the author(s) explicitly discuss direction and magnitude of potential biases? | 6 |
15 | Were the conclusion/recommendations of the study justified and based on the study results? | 8 |
16 | Was there a statement disclosing the source of funding for the study? | 3 |