Table 3 Cost per QALY/DALY/HYE by patient/disease characteristics, intervention characteristics, methodological attributes, quality of study, funding of intervention
Variable name | Categories | ICER | χ2, p-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 th percentile | 50 th percentile (median) | 75 th percentile | |||
Target population | General population | $8,798 | $20,449 | $150,496 | |
Specific (targeted high risk group) | $2,392 | $17,220 | $45,068 | 2.446, 0.118 | |
Age group | 0 to 25 years | $11,586 | $41,195 | $149,581 | |
> 25 years | $2,370 | $15,927 | $42,801 | 8.903, 0.003 | |
Type of intervention | Medical eg physician consult, pharmaceuticals, vaccinations, diagnostic tests, inpatient visits | $5,946 | $21,898 | $57,363 | 8.247, 0.004 |
Lifestyle eg advice to alter diet/physical activity | $1,678 | $10,015 | $24,920 | ||
Modality1 | Pharmaceutical | $11,781 | $26,871 | $53,986 | |
All else (primary/specialist care, vaccination, allied health, community/media/education, inpatient) | $2,232 | $15,270 | $44,558 | 2.787, 0.095 | |
Modality2 | Allied health, community/media/education | $1,899 | $9,591 | $31,749 | 4.609, 0.032 |
All else | $5,507 | $20,449 | $57,363 | ||
Vaccination | Vaccination | $12,625 | $56,408 | $156,400 | |
All else | $2,642 | $17,827 | $44,711 | 4.310, 0.038 | |
Objective of intervention | Treatment (eg cox2 inhibiters to ameliorate symptoms of osteoarthritis) | $2,045 | $14,161 | $38,620 | 2.275, 0.131 |
All else (prevention, screening, diagnosis, combination) | $4,674 | $20,650 | $58,817 | ||
Disease stage | 1) Treatments designed to completely avert disease/injury or slow, halt or reverse progression of disease/injury (primary and secondary prevention) | $2,514 | $17,827 | $43,805 | 2.534, 0.111 |
2) Treatments designed to limit disability after harm has occurred (tertiary prevention) | $6,048 | $19,310 | $133,284 | ||
Ability to reduce own risk of disease/injury | To some extent (eg heart disease) | $1,671 | $13,778 | $32,644 | |
No | $7,679 | $25,747 | $111,031 | 14.723, < 0.001 | |
Condition caused by patients' own behaviour | To some extent (eg liver cirrhosis) | $1,664 | $13,311 | $25,894 | |
No | $10,299 | $29,609 | $100,871 | 24.001, < 0.001 | |
Year | Pre-1993b | $1,698 | $6,259 | $97,213 | |
1993† to 1997c | $11,367 | $34,820 | $81,629 | ||
Post-1997c | $3,436 | $17,616 | $43,769 | 3.177, 0.204 | |
Strength of evidence | Strong – RCT and/or meta-analysis | $3,524 | $18,282 | $44,794 | |
Limited – other study design | $2,356 | $18,039 | $56,608 | 0.072, 0.788 | |
Perspective | Health system | $2,642 | $17,613 | $46,738 | |
Societal | $8,122 | $20,165 | $75,116 | 1.335, 0.248 | |
Outcome | Life year | $18,724 | |||
QALY/DALY/HYE | $17,827 | 0.080, 0.777 | |||
Discount rate | < 5% | $7,981 | $25,747 | $43,761 | |
= 5% | $2,407 | $15,553 | $54,028 | 0.436, 0.509 | |
Downstream costs/savings | Included | $1,846 | $13,871 | $40,658 | |
Not | $6,897 | $21,405 | $59,317 | 3.866, 0.049 | |
Q-Comparator | Appropriate | $6,437 | $20,891 | $58,318 | |
Not | $983 | $2,257 | $6,409 | 27.392, < 0.001 | |
Q-Costs | Appropriate (marginal and clear) | $3,802 | $21,885 | $54,483 | |
Not | $2,045 | $12,706 | $25,082 | 3.554, 0.059 | |
Q-Sensitivity | Performed | $3,189 | $18,360 | $51,583 | |
Not | $1,695 | $10.895 | $30,736 | 0.756, 0.385 | |
Q-Overall | Adequate | $4,406 | $22,437 | $56,395 | |
Not | $2,221 | $14,082 | $22,887 | 5.111, 0.024 | |
Funding status | Fully funded | $5,735 | $20,165 | $53,558 | |
Partially funded | $1,358 | $9,011 | $35,429 | 10.870, 0.004 | |
Not funded | $6,351 | $20,850 | $97,378 | ||
Patients required to contribute to costs | Yes (eg co-payment for pharmaceuticals) | $3,789 | $18,724 | $43,769 | 0.035, 0.852 |
No (eg immunisations provided free of charge) | $7,981 | $15,733 | $110,806 | ||