Table 4 Factors associated with health care expenditures by adults with diabetes in 2003.*
Ambulatory Care | Hospitalizations | Emergency Visits | Prescriptions | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | β Coeff | 95% CI | β Coeff | 95% CI | β Coeff | 95% CI | β Coeff | 95% CI |
Depression | 0.01 | -0.06, 0.05 | -0.02 | -0.15, 0.10 | 0.04 | -0.48, 0.57 | 0.10 | -0.02, 0.23 |
Age | 0.002 | -0.005, 0.01 | 0.01 | -0.02, 0.03 | -0.01 | -0.01, -0.003† | 0.002 | 0.000, 0.005† |
Sex | -0.03 | -0.06, 0.01† | -0.10 | -0.33, 0.12 | -0.11 | -0.44, 0.23 | -0.05 | -0.15, 0.06 |
Years of Education | 0.02 | 0.00, 0.05† | 0.005 | -0.01, 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.06, 0.01 | 0.002 | -0.01, 0.02 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||
Black, not Hispanic | -0.07 | -0.18, 0.04 | 0.27 | -0.20, 0.73 | -0.01 | -0.24, 0.22 | 0.13 | -0.01, 0.28 |
Asian, not Hispanic | 0.01 | -0.41, 0.42 | -0.09 | -1.27, 1.09 | 0.45 | -0.48, 1.38 | 0.12 | -0.23, 0.47 |
White/Other, not Hispanic | 0.001 | -0.25, 0.25 | 0.04 | -0.30, 0.39 | 0.04 | -0.20, 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.06, 0.24† |
Income level | ||||||||
Near poor | -0.11 | -0.22, 0.004 | 0.20 | -0.19, 0.59 | 0.08 | -0.20, 0.35 | -0.13 | -0.33, 0.07 |
Low Income | -0.11 | -0.20, -0.01† | 0.11 | -0.06, 0.29 | 0.21 | -0.52, 0.94 | -0.07 | -0.21, 0.07 |
Middle Income | 0.02 | -0.09, 0.13 | 0.04 | -0.09, 1.70 | 0.11 | -0.27, 0.49 | -0.04 | -0.26, 0.18 |
High Income | -0.06 | -0.12, 0.00† | -0.05 | -0.36, 0.27 | 0.08 | -0.57, 0.72 | -0.06 | -0.19, 0.08 |
Insurance status | ||||||||
public only | -0.09 | -0.25, 0.07 | -0.15 | -0.22, -0.08† | -0.14 | -0.28, -0.003† | 0.06 | -0.20, 0.32 |
no insurance | -0.26 | -0.78, 0.26 | -0.56 | -0.96, -0.14† | -0.36 | -0.51, -0.20‡ | -0.06 | -0.43, 0.30 |
Have usual source of care | -0.08 | -0.81, 0.66 | -0.22 | -0.96, 0.52 | 0.35 | -0.40, 1.10 | -0.11 | -0.43, 0.22 |
# of Comorbid conditions | 0.06 | 0.05, 0.06‡ | 0.01 | -0.01, 0.03 | 0.01 | -0.04, 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.03, 0.04§ |
DM complications | ||||||||
CHD | -0.02 | -0.16, 0.12 | -0.03 | -0.09, 0.03 | 0.06 | -0.53, 0.65 | -0.06 | -0.15, 0.04 |
Eye | 0.02 | -0.01, 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.01, 0.21† | -0.13 | -0.17, -0.08‡ | -0.04 | -0.16, 0.19 |
Renal | -0.04 | -0.42, 0.34 | -0.08 | -0.19, 0.02 | -0.06 | -0.71, 0.58 | 0.004 | -0.12, 0.13 |
Insulin use | -0.01 | -0.10, 0.07 | -0.19 | -0.54, 0.15 | 0.09 | -0.13, 0.30 | -0.13 | -0.19, -0.07† |
SF-12 PCS | -0.002 | -0.01, 0.01 | 0.0007 | -0.002, 0.003 | -0.003 | -0.01, 0.001 | -0.004 | -0.01, -0.0001† |
SF-12 MCS | -0.002 | -0.01, 0.004 | 0.002 | -0.01, 0.01 | 0.001 | -0.01, 0.01 | 0.0002 | -0.004, 0.004 |