Resource use among patients with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, or diabetes with depression

Table 1 Patient Characteristics

Patient Characteristic	Diabetes (N = 55,972)		Diabetic Neuropathy (N = 2,146)		Diabetes and Depression (N = 2,379)		P-Values
	Mean	Std Dev	Mean	Std Dev	Mean	Std Dev	DM v DN	DM v DD	DN v DD
Mean Age	46.67	15.53	50.69	13.35	47.05	12.99	*	0.4626	*
Sex	N	%	N	%	N	%
Female	27,229	48.65	1,043	48.60	1,501	6.39	0.9991	*	*
Male	28,743	51.35	1,103	51.40	878	36.91	0.9991	*	*
Region
East	12,134	21.68	273	12.72	282	11.85	*	*	0.7533
Midwest	17,044	30.45	813	37.88	1,100	46.24	*	*	*
South	21,468	38.35	902	42.03	592	24.88	***	*	*
West	5,362	9.52	158	7.36	405	17.02	***	*	*
Payment Type
Commercial	17,820	31.84	670	31.22	875	36.78	0.8196	*	**
Medicaid	1,143	2.04	45	2.10	188	7.90	0.9846	*	*
Medicaid Risk	4,158	7.43	242	11.28	137	5.76	*	***	*
Self-Insured	10,748	19.20	249	11.60	189	7.94	*	*	***
Other	22,103	37.49	940	43.80	990	41.61	**	0.0952	0.2898
Comorbidities
Hypertension	13,578	24.27	975	45.43	1,076	48.23	*	*	0.9863
Hyperlipidemia	5,354	9.57	440	20.50	494	20.77	*	*	0.9549
Cardiovascular Disease	4,457	7.96	565	26.33	494	20.77	*	*	*
Ischemic Heart Disease	2,737	4.89	342	15.94	313	13.16	*	*	*
Obesity	1,668	2.98	130	6.06	236	9.92	*	*	*
Retinopathy	910	1.63	299	13.93	168	7.06	*	*	*
Cataracts	840	1.50	119	5.55	109	4.58	*	*	***
Diabetic Retinopathy	787	1.41	281	13.09	150	6.31	*	*	*
Nephropathy	374	0.67	110	5.13	60	2.52	*	*	*
Osteoporosis	372	0.66	43	2.00	46	1.93	*	*	0.9603
Arteriosclerosis	259	0.46	86	4.01	42	1.77	*	*	*
Blindness	45	0.08	8	0.37	7	0.29	*	***	0.6792
Gangrene	37	0.07	32	1.49	8	0.34	*	**	*
Dialysis	15	0.04	8	0.37	3	0.13	*	0.0572	**

ISSN: 1478-7547