Changes in costs and effects after the implementation of disease management programs in the Netherlands: variability and determinants

Table 9 Results from the cost-utility analysis from the health care perspective excluding the development and implementation costs

	Best DMP VS worse DMP*	Incremental costs	Incremental QALYs	Mean ICER	% of 5000 simulated ICERs per quadrant in the CE plane
					NW	NE	SW	SE
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	−407	0.003	−136,077	3	7	39	51
CVR-primary^#	7 VS 4	(330)	(0.021)	−136,077	3	7	39	51
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	−863	0.012	−73,013	4	14	17	65
CVR-secondary^$	1 VS 3	(961)	(0.015)	−73,013	4	14	17	65
CVR-both	2 VS 8	−326	0.005	−67,145	10	10	28	52
CVR-both	2 VS 8	(388)	(0.016)	−67,145	10	10	28	52
COPD	1 VS 4	1,574	0.009	170,390	32	45	12	11
COPD	1 VS 4	(1,985)	(0.053)	170,390	32	45	12	11
DMII	1 VS 3	−430	0.013	−31,942	3	11	12	74
DMII	1 VS 3	(402)	(0.013)	−31,942	3	11	12	74

*most effective is defined based on the highest incremental QALY and the reverse; ^#primary prevention for CVD; ^$secondary prevention for CVD; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; CE: cost-effective(ness); best is defined as most effective based on QALYs and worse as the least effective based on the same measurement; the numbers correspond to the DMP numbers in Table 4.