Cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation to prevent age-related macular degeneration

Table 4 Sensitivity Analyses of the Lifetime* AMD-related^† Benefits of Quitting for 1,000 Randomly Selected Smokers^‡, and Cost-Effectiveness of a Tobacco Control Program.^§.

Model Variable	Lifetime AMD-related Benefits of Quitting		Cost per QALY gained (assuming a cost per quitter of $1,400)
	QALYs gained	Costs (excluding caregivers) $	$
Slope parameter (τ), which is inversely proportional to the rate of decline in the risk of AMD after quitting relative to current-smokers
Upper 95% confidence Limit (slower decline)	1,600	-774,000	391
Lower 95% confidence Limit (faster decline)	1,623	-1,426,000	Dominant
Higher utilities for reduced visual acuity ^¶	1,600	-1,082,000	199
Ranibizumab treatment of neovascular AMD ^\|\|
Base-case scenario, as in Table 3, but:
low ranibizumab cost	1611	-360,000	645
50% of neovascular patients treated	1613	-732,000	414
Sustained-effect scenario, low ranibizumab cost	1610	-282,000	694
Non-sustained effect scenario, high ranibizumab cost	1611	-929,000	292

* Censored at age 85 years
^† AMD: Age-related macular degeneration
^‡ From the U.S. population of smokers in 2004–2005[10]
^§Costs are in 2004 U.S. dollars and were rounded. Costs, blind-years and QALYs were discounted at 3% per annum
¶Source: Brown et al., estimated with standard gamble method.[25] For 30 letters read, for example, utility = 0.71, rather than 0.52 in the base case.
|| Base-case, Sustained-effect and Non-sustained effect scenarios as defined in previous paper.[7] Low ranibizumab cost = bevazicumab price ($50 per dose). High ranibizumab price = wholesale price ($1,950 per dose).

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